1. Curricular Practical Training (CPT)

CPT allows F-1 students to work off-campus in a position related to their field of study while still enrolled in their degree program.

• When to Apply: You can apply for CPT after completing one full academic year (two semesters) of full-time study, unless your program requires immediate practical training.

• Approval Process: CPT is authorized by your Designated School Official (DSO) and does not require USCIS approval. You should submit your CPT application to your DSO at least 2-4 weeks before your intended start date to ensure sufficient processing time.

• Part-Time vs. Full-Time:

  • Part-Time CPT: Less than or equal to 20 hours per week during the academic term. Part-time CPT does not impact your OPT eligibility.
  • Full-Time CPT: More than 20 hours per week. If you use 12 months or more of full-time CPT, you become ineligible for OPT.

2. Optional Practical Training (OPT)

OPT allows F-1 students to work in their field of study either during or after their academic program.

• When to Apply: You can apply for pre-completion OPT after one academic year, or for post-completion OPT up to 90 days before and 60 days after completing your program. The application process can take several months, so it’s advised to apply as early as possible.

• Approval Process: OPT is approved by USCIS and requires filing Form I-765. Processing times can take between 3-5 months, so you should plan accordingly.

• Part-Time vs. Full-Time:

  • Pre-Completion OPT: Work up to 20 hours per week while school is in session, full-time during breaks.
  • Post-Completion OPT: Work up to 40 hours per week after graduation. OPT is valid for 12 months per educational level (Bachelor’s, Master’s, Ph.D.).

3. STEM OPT Extension

If you graduate in a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) field, you can apply for a 24-month STEM OPT extension after completing your initial OPT.

• When to Apply: You must apply for the STEM OPT extension within 90 days before your initial OPT expires.

• Approval Process: The STEM OPT extension is filed through USCIS using Form I-765. You’ll also need to complete a training plan (Form I-983) with your employer, who must participate in E-Verify.

• Working Hours: Typically, STEM OPT is full-time, allowing you to continue working for 24 more months, extending your total work authorization to 36 months.

CPT vs. OPT: Key Differences

• CPT: Must be part of your academic program and requires a job offer.
• OPT: Allows for flexibility, does not require a job offer, and can be used before or after graduation.
• STEM OPT: Extends your OPT if you’re in a STEM field, but you must work for an E-Verify employer.

On-Campus Employment

F-1 students are allowed to work on-campus part-time (up to 20 hours per week) during the academic year and full-time during school breaks. No CPT or OPT authorization is required, but you must maintain good academic standing.

Deadlines and Important Tips

• Apply Early: USCIS processing times can be lengthy, so apply for CPT, OPT, or STEM OPT as early as possible.
• Work Restrictions: You cannot work off-campus without authorization. Unauthorized employment can jeopardize your visa status.
• Grace Period: After completing your program, you have a 60-day grace period to apply for post-completion OPT or prepare to leave the U.S.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Will CPT Affect My OPT Eligibility?

Yes, but only if you engage in full-time CPT for 12 months or more. Part-time CPT (20 hours or less) will not impact your OPT eligibility.

2. How Many Hours Can I Work on OPT?

You can work up to 40 hours per week on post-completion OPT. Pre-completion OPT is limited to 20 hours per week while school is in session.

3. Do I Need a Job Offer to Apply for OPT?

No. You can apply for OPT without a job offer, but you must secure employment within 90 days of your OPT start date to maintain your status.

4. When Should I Apply for CPT?

Submit your CPT application at least 2-4 weeks before your intended start date to allow your DSO sufficient time to process the request.

5. How Long Does USCIS Take to Approve OPT?

It typically takes 3-5 months for USCIS to approve an OPT application. Applying early is critical to ensure you can begin work on time.

6. How Long Can I Work on STEM OPT?

The STEM OPT extension allows you to work for an additional 24 months, extending your total OPT period to 36 months.

7. Can I Work While My OPT or STEM OPT is Pending?

If you apply for STEM OPT before your initial OPT expires, you can continue working for up to 180 days while your extension is pending. You cannot begin working on OPT until you receive your EAD.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between CPT, OPT, and STEM OPT is essential for international students on an F-1 visa who want to work in the U.S. Always stay on top of deadlines, work within your visa regulations, and consult your DSO for guidance to ensure a smooth process.

For more detailed information, check with your school’s international office and stay updated with USCIS guidelines.